Jun 14, 2023 · The symptoms you have noticed are very likely the result of long-term heavy antihistamine use. Antihistamines tend to dry up the nose, which is why they are so effective in humans with allergic rhinitis, but the way they do that is by making the secretions thicker. In dogs, we are not worried much about a runny nose, but we are concerned about ... Jun 8, 2022 · Sleep aids: The options. Sleep aids available without a prescription are widely available. Common choices and the potential side effects include: Diphenhydramine (Benadryl). Diphenhydramine is a sedating antihistamine. Side effects might include daytime drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation and urinary retention. Doxylamine (Unisom). Jun 15, 2016 · IV administration of 50 mg of DPH resulted in immediate improvement of tremor, rigidity, tachycardia, and eye versions. The patient was started on oral DPH 50 mg 4 times a day and the dose was reduced by 25% every 3 days. Oral clonidine 0.1 mg 3 times a day and a weekly 0.1 mg transdermal patch was added to mitigate sympathetic side effects. Sep 4, 2023 · Impaired concentration. Memory difficulties. Anxiety. Stomach disturbances. Nausea and vomiting. A dry mouth. Constipation. Liver problems, etc. In certain people, a paradoxical reaction to diphenhydramine is possible, meaning that the drug causes different symptoms than the intended ones. Overdosing on diphenhydramine (Benadryl) can also lead to more serious side effects like severe confusion, seizures, low blood pressure, involuntary muscle spasms, hallucinations (seeing things that aren't there), and heart rhythm problems. In fact, the FDA released a warning to avoid high doses of diphenhydramine.Diphenhydramine or : Benadryl (diphenhydramine) may cause sedation the next day (due to its long half-life), decreased alertness, diminished cognitive function, delirium, ... Read More. Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. Learn how we can help. 5k views Reviewed >2 years ago.The Major Antihistamine Effects of Diphenhydramine Prevents Histamine-Mediated: constriction of respiratory smooth muscle. rapid vasodilation in blood vessels. increased capillary permeability and subsequent edema. sensations of itching, pain, and “flare” formation. increase in heart rate and strength of contraction.Apr 11, 2018 · Benadryl is a first-generation antihistamine, meaning it is one of the earlier drugs developed in this category of medications. First-generation antihistamines, like Benadryl, are often noted for their sedative side effects as they have the ability to travel to your brain (i.e. crosses the blood-brain barrier), which is why they can make you ... Yeah, look at r/dph.Datura is even worse. It's like dph, but way more likely to kill you or make you go blind. Shadow people and spiders and having full conversations with people who don't exist usually only happens in the 400+ category. Between 150mg and there, it's usually just having to piss but being unable to, dysphoria/fear, beMay 25, 2023 · Signs of liver problems like dark urine, feeling tired, not hungry, upset stomach or stomach pain, light-colored stools, throwing up, or yellow skin or eyes. Not able to pass urine or change in how much urine is passed. A very bad skin reaction ( Stevens-Johnson syndrome / toxic epidermal necrolysis) may happen. Uses Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine used to relieve symptoms of allergy, hay fever, and the common cold. These symptoms include rash, itching, watery eyes, itchy eyes /nose/throat, cough,... Diphenhydramine or : Benadryl (diphenhydramine) may cause sedation the next day (due to its long half-life), decreased alertness, diminished cognitive function, delirium, ... Read More. Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. Learn how we can help. 5k views Reviewed >2 years ago.Oct 3, 2022 · Applies to diphenhydramine: oral capsules and tablets, parenteral injection. Side effects include: Sedation, sleepiness, dizziness, disturbed coordination, epigastric distress, thickening of bronchial secretions. Aug 1, 2023 · skin rash. swollen joints. stomach discomfort, upset or pain. tender swollen glands in neck. tremor. unusual excitement, nervousness, restlessness, or irritability. vomiting. Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional. Nov 15, 2019 · Central side effects. Since these actions are disrupted by sedating antihistamines, these drugs produce sedation, drowsiness, tiredness, lack of concentration, difficulty in learning and memory ... Jul 9, 2020 · This video examines the question and remark: Benadryl long term side effects! I WISH I had KNOWN! Benadryl is a common OTC medication and is also known as D... Benadryl helps reduce the effects of natural chemicals in the body called histamines. It is used to treat the side effects of an allergic reaction, including: Benadryl can be taken to relieve the symptoms of hayfever (seasonal allergies) and motion sickness. It can also be taken to induce sleep and treat certain symptoms of Parkinson's disease.Side effects of antihistamines that make you drowsy can include: sleepiness (drowsiness) and reduced co-ordination, reaction speed and judgement – do not drive or use machinery after taking these antihistamines. dry mouth. blurred vision. difficulty peeing. Side effects of non-drowsy antihistamines can include: headache.Signs of liver problems like dark urine, feeling tired, not hungry, upset stomach or stomach pain, light-colored stools, throwing up, or yellow skin or eyes. Not able to pass urine or change in how much urine is passed. A very bad skin reaction ( Stevens-Johnson syndrome / toxic epidermal necrolysis) may happen.First-generation antihistamines come with an increased risk of certain side effects and drug interactions, so they are not generally advised for long-term usage. “With first-generation antihistamines, some people note decreasing effectiveness if used daily for several days,” says Dr. Lin.May 25, 2023 · Signs of liver problems like dark urine, feeling tired, not hungry, upset stomach or stomach pain, light-colored stools, throwing up, or yellow skin or eyes. Not able to pass urine or change in how much urine is passed. A very bad skin reaction ( Stevens-Johnson syndrome / toxic epidermal necrolysis) may happen. Feb 6, 2023 · Benadryl is an over-the-counter antihistamine that contains the active ingredient diphenhydramine. People often use it to treat allergies. Because it causes drowsiness, some people take it as a ... May 7, 2021 · There is evidence that the use of diphenhydramine among older adults or the elderly may result in serious side effects. This holds true esp. if you are older than age 65. The older a person becomes, the greater the risk of adverse effects. Benadryl is listed as potentially Inappropriate Medication in Older Adults ( also known as Beers criteria) feeling of warmth, redness of the face, neck, arms and occasionally, upper chest. large, hive-like swelling on face, eyelids, lips, tongue, throat, hands, legs, feet, or sex organs. shortness of breath, difficult or labored breathing. Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention.One Benadryl per night seems to be enough to keep the ears dry & the resulting nausea at bay. I must admit that I'm not sure this is still even a problem for me. The last time I stopped to see if I still needed it was about 2 years ago. After 3 days, the dizziness/nausea/inner ear issues came back, so I promptly started taking the nightly ...Signs of liver problems like dark urine, feeling tired, not hungry, upset stomach or stomach pain, light-colored stools, throwing up, or yellow skin or eyes. Not able to pass urine or change in how much urine is passed. A very bad skin reaction ( Stevens-Johnson syndrome / toxic epidermal necrolysis) may happen.Long-Term Side Effects of Diphenhydramine Abuse. Continued diphenhydramine use can cause long-term adverse side effects that result in permanent damage. Not only will prolonged use cause harm, but it can lead to other aspects such as dependence on the medication. Common long-term side effects of prolonged diphenhydramine use include: Dependence. and readily penetrates the blood-brain-barrier. Thus side effects such as grogginess, drowsiness, and memory loss are common. Diphenhydramine is also used for motion sickness and extrapyramidal symptoms in Parkinson’s disease patients. Potential harm to the brain: Long-term anticholinergic use has been associated with increased Aug 23, 2021 · Symptoms can be mild or serious and can include: skin rash. itchiness. flushing (temporary warmth, redness, or deepening of skin color) swelling under your skin, typically in your eyelids, lips, hands, or feet. swelling of your mouth, tongue, or throat, which can make it hard to breathe. Impaired concentration. Memory difficulties. Anxiety. Stomach disturbances. Nausea and vomiting. A dry mouth. Constipation. Liver problems, etc. In certain people, a paradoxical reaction to diphenhydramine is possible, meaning that the drug causes different symptoms than the intended ones.A 2017 study revealed that 10% of adults aged 18-45 use OTC sleep aids while 17.5% of people 65 years and older do. Most over-the-counter options are considered safe when used occasionally—as long as the medication is compatible with any medical conditions you have and other medications you take. But when taken night after night, trouble can ...Jun 5, 2019 · Moderate and Severe Benadryl Side Effects. If patients are using Benadryl for an allergic reaction, and experience any of the following moderate to severe Benadryl side effects they should consult their medical doctor or contact emergency medical services to minimize injury to their health: Contact and Atopic dermatitis ~1.0-10.0%; Confusion Benadryl may cause blurred vision and may impair your thinking or reactions. Be careful if you drive or do anything that requires you to be alert and able to see clearly. Drinking alcohol can increase certain side effects of diphenhydramine. Ask a doctor or pharmacist before using any other cold, cough, allergy, or sleep medicine.Jul 9, 2020 · This video examines the question and remark: Benadryl long term side effects! I WISH I had KNOWN! Benadryl is a common OTC medication and is also known as D... Jun 8, 2022 · Sleep aids: The options. Sleep aids available without a prescription are widely available. Common choices and the potential side effects include: Diphenhydramine (Benadryl). Diphenhydramine is a sedating antihistamine. Side effects might include daytime drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation and urinary retention. Doxylamine (Unisom). Benadryl can cause some children to be hyperactive. OTC cough and cold medicine should not be given to children under the age of 4. Research has shown that these products do not work in children younger than 6 years old and can have serious side effects.and readily penetrates the blood-brain-barrier. Thus side effects such as grogginess, drowsiness, and memory loss are common. Diphenhydramine is also used for motion sickness and extrapyramidal symptoms in Parkinson’s disease patients. Potential harm to the brain: Long-term anticholinergic use has been associated with increased May 13, 2021 · The active ingredient in Benadryl is called diphenhydramine. Like any medication, Benadryl has several side effects. Some of the most common are: feeling sleepy or drowsy. dry mouth or throat ... Benadryl helps reduce the effects of natural chemicals in the body called histamines. It is used to treat the side effects of an allergic reaction, including: Benadryl can be taken to relieve the symptoms of hayfever (seasonal allergies) and motion sickness. It can also be taken to induce sleep and treat certain symptoms of Parkinson's disease.May 13, 2021 · The active ingredient in Benadryl is called diphenhydramine. Like any medication, Benadryl has several side effects. Some of the most common are: feeling sleepy or drowsy. dry mouth or throat ... Take one to two 50mg tablets at least 30 minutes prior to bedtime. The maximum dose of two tablets works best for sleep. You can take Dramamine with or without food, but make sure you take a dose with a full glass of water 1 2. Swallow tablets whole; don't crush or chew. Plan on taking Dramamine four to six hours prior to waking for the next ...The short answer seems to be yes. While occasionally taking a Benadryl for sleep probably won’t lead to significant weight gain, chronic use of antihistamines can interfere with weight loss efforts. If you need an antihistamine for frequent allergy symptoms, however, the best choice is Claritin because it does not cross into the brain and has ...Jun 5, 2019 · Moderate and Severe Benadryl Side Effects. If patients are using Benadryl for an allergic reaction, and experience any of the following moderate to severe Benadryl side effects they should consult their medical doctor or contact emergency medical services to minimize injury to their health: Contact and Atopic dermatitis ~1.0-10.0%; Confusion Children's Benadryl Allergy - Uses, Side Effects, and More Generic Name(S): diphenhydramine HCl, diphenhydramine citrate ... (such as long-acting tablets/capsules) are not recommended for use in ...Sep 4, 2023 · Impaired concentration. Memory difficulties. Anxiety. Stomach disturbances. Nausea and vomiting. A dry mouth. Constipation. Liver problems, etc. In certain people, a paradoxical reaction to diphenhydramine is possible, meaning that the drug causes different symptoms than the intended ones. “The antihistamine diphenhydramine is only approved for management of short-term or temporary sleep difficulties, particularly in those people who have problems falling asleep,” Dr. What are the negative effects of Benadryl? Drowsiness, dizziness, constipation, stomach upset, blurred vision, or dry mouth/nose/throat may occur. If any of ...Oct 6, 2015 · Caution should be exercised for long-term use of Benadryl (diphenhydramine), an antihistamine and a non-benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic, because of the association of increased risk for dementia. May 7, 2021 · There is evidence that the use of diphenhydramine among older adults or the elderly may result in serious side effects. This holds true esp. if you are older than age 65. The older a person becomes, the greater the risk of adverse effects. Benadryl is listed as potentially Inappropriate Medication in Older Adults ( also known as Beers criteria) Long term use of some antihistamines may increase your risk of dementia. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl®) blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. This neurotransmitter is vital for memory and learning. Diphenhydramine increased the risk of dementia by 54% in one 3,000 patient study followed for seven years. Benadryl is a brand of diphenhydramine. As far as long term effects. Look up Benadryl or diphenhydramine and dementia on google then come back to me. I am a 10 year 50mg daily user of diphenhydramine and am slowly stopping this stuff. The past few weeks I have been reducing to 1/2. Trust me, take this for long term and you increase risk of ...Central side effects. Since these actions are disrupted by sedating antihistamines, these drugs produce sedation, drowsiness, tiredness, lack of concentration, difficulty in learning and memory ...Children's Benadryl Allergy - Uses, Side Effects, and More Generic Name(S): diphenhydramine HCl, diphenhydramine citrate ... (such as long-acting tablets/capsules) are not recommended for use in ...Uses Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine used to relieve symptoms of allergy, hay fever, and the common cold. These symptoms include rash, itching, watery eyes, itchy eyes /nose/throat, cough,...Benadryl is an antihistamine that can be used to treat allergic reactions, relieve motion sickness, as a sleep aid, and relieve some symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Sedation is a common side effect. 5. Tips. Benadryl may be taken with or without food. Take exactly as directed.Jul 27, 2017 · Take one to two 50mg tablets at least 30 minutes prior to bedtime. The maximum dose of two tablets works best for sleep. You can take Dramamine with or without food, but make sure you take a dose with a full glass of water 1 2. Swallow tablets whole; don't crush or chew. Plan on taking Dramamine four to six hours prior to waking for the next ... Taking an over-the-counter sleep aid with diphenhydramine once in a while is generally not going to cause problems, other than a possible hangover the next day. Older people, however, can get confused when taking diphenhydramine because it also blocks a brain chemical called acetylcholine, which plays a big role in attention and short-term memory.Benadryl may cause serious side effects including: pounding heartbeats or fluttering in your chest, painful or difficult urination, little or no urination, confusion, lightheadedness, tightness in your neck or jaw, and. uncontrollable movements of your tongue. Get medical help right away, if you have any of the symptoms listed above.The phase IV clinical study analyzes which people take Benadryl and have Peripheral neuropathy. It is created by eHealthMe based on reports of 70,795 people who have side effects when taking Benadryl from the FDA, and is updated regularly. You can use the study as a second opinion to make health care decisions.Experts say skip antihistamines. Dana Benson. 713-798-8267. Houston, TX - Jun 28, 2021. Share this article. For people who take an antihistamine such as Benadryl for a cold or allergies, drowsiness is often a welcome side effect. But a Baylor College of Medicine sleep expert cautions against turning to this type of medication as a sleep aid.and readily penetrates the blood-brain-barrier. Thus side effects such as grogginess, drowsiness, and memory loss are common. Diphenhydramine is also used for motion sickness and extrapyramidal symptoms in Parkinson’s disease patients. Potential harm to the brain: Long-term anticholinergic use has been associated with increased Sep 4, 2023 · Impaired concentration. Memory difficulties. Anxiety. Stomach disturbances. Nausea and vomiting. A dry mouth. Constipation. Liver problems, etc. In certain people, a paradoxical reaction to diphenhydramine is possible, meaning that the drug causes different symptoms than the intended ones. May 7, 2021 · There is evidence that the use of diphenhydramine among older adults or the elderly may result in serious side effects. This holds true esp. if you are older than age 65. The older a person becomes, the greater the risk of adverse effects. Benadryl is listed as potentially Inappropriate Medication in Older Adults ( also known as Beers criteria) Oct 3, 2022 · Adults and children ≥12 years of age receiving conventional or orally disintegrating tablets: Headache, somnolence, fatigue, dry mouth. Fixed combination loratadine (the active ingredient contained in Claritin) pseudoephedrine sulfate preparations: Insomnia, dry mouth, headache, somnolence, nervousness, dizziness, fatigue. May 7, 2021 · There is evidence that the use of diphenhydramine among older adults or the elderly may result in serious side effects. This holds true esp. if you are older than age 65. The older a person becomes, the greater the risk of adverse effects. Benadryl is listed as potentially Inappropriate Medication in Older Adults ( also known as Beers criteria) Nov 15, 2019 · Central side effects. Since these actions are disrupted by sedating antihistamines, these drugs produce sedation, drowsiness, tiredness, lack of concentration, difficulty in learning and memory ... Experts say skip antihistamines. Dana Benson. 713-798-8267. Houston, TX - Jun 28, 2021. Share this article. For people who take an antihistamine such as Benadryl for a cold or allergies, drowsiness is often a welcome side effect. But a Baylor College of Medicine sleep expert cautions against turning to this type of medication as a sleep aid.Diphenhydramine is a common ingredient in sleeping aids; it is also used to treat allergies. While effective, the risk of serious diphenhydramine side effects—including confusion, dizziness, urinary retention, and liver or kidney issues—is increased in people age 65 and older.Diphenhydramine, which is the active ingredient in ZzzQuil, can cause side effects in some people. The most common side effects of diphenhydramine include: drowsiness. dizziness. loss of ...Jun 8, 2022 · Sleep aids: The options. Sleep aids available without a prescription are widely available. Common choices and the potential side effects include: Diphenhydramine (Benadryl). Diphenhydramine is a sedating antihistamine. Side effects might include daytime drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation and urinary retention. Doxylamine (Unisom). Oct 3, 2022 · Adults and children ≥12 years of age receiving conventional or orally disintegrating tablets: Headache, somnolence, fatigue, dry mouth. Fixed combination loratadine (the active ingredient contained in Claritin) pseudoephedrine sulfate preparations: Insomnia, dry mouth, headache, somnolence, nervousness, dizziness, fatigue. May 17, 2019 · Diphenhydramine, which is the active ingredient in ZzzQuil, can cause side effects in some people. The most common side effects of diphenhydramine include: drowsiness. dizziness. loss of ... Benadryl and Depression. Although there is no direct effect of Benadryl on depression, regular and daily use of Benadryl does result in severe depression in the individual. It is believed to be helpful only for the short term, however, long term use of Benadryl results in certain depressive symptoms in the individual.Dizziness Nausea or vomiting Loss of appetite Constipation Increased chest congestion Headache Excitability (especially in children) Nervousness Benadryl can impair mental and motor functioning, as well as your performance at work or school. It can also impair a person’s ability to operate a motor vehicle or other potentially dangerous equipment.Benadryl is an antihistamine that can be used to treat allergic reactions, relieve motion sickness, as a sleep aid, and relieve some symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Sedation is a common side effect. 5. Tips. Benadryl may be taken with or without food. Take exactly as directed.Oct 6, 2015 · Caution should be exercised for long-term use of Benadryl (diphenhydramine), an antihistamine and a non-benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic, because of the association of increased risk for dementia. Pay attention to the side effects of Benadryl, especially if you’re an older adult. The body responds differently to Benadryl as you get older. And you may develop side effects that were never a problem before. Benadryl is not intended to be used as a daily, long-term medication for sleep or other issues.Jul 9, 2015 · Higher dosage or long-term use of common drugs with anticholinergic effects is linked to significantly increased risk of dementia - including Alzheimer’s - says large study. Apr 9, 2020 · Diphenhydramine, brand name Benadryl ®, is one of the oldest and most frequently used over-the-counter medications for children. However, many better options are now widely available, all of which are faster acting, longer lasting, with less side effects. Antihistamines counteract the effect of histamine throughout the body, and treat a range ... Long term use of some antihistamines may increase your risk of dementia. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl®) blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. This neurotransmitter is vital for memory and learning. Diphenhydramine increased the risk of dementia by 54% in one 3,000 patient study followed for seven years.Apr 11, 2023 · In the drug realm, antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl), chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton), cetirizine (Zyrtec), and loratadine (Claritin) can help with a stuffy nose are safe for the heart. Nasal sprays deliver a decongestant right where you need it. In theory, this should minimize cardiovascular effects. Diphenhydramine blocks the effects of histamine in your brain and this reduces symptoms. It enters the brain in large quantities and this can make you feel drowsy. Diphenhydramine also blocks the effects of another chemical called acetylcholine. This can help a cough or runny nose but can also cause side effects such as a dry mouth and dry nose.Oct 9, 2018 · Many older adults may take sleeping pills because pain, nerve problems or other health issues are keeping them up at night, she says. For these people, a sleeping pill is standing in the way of ... Diphenhydramine is a type of medicine called an antihistamine. It is used in some allergy and sleep medicines. Overdose occurs when someone takes more than the normal or recommended amount of this medicine. This can be by accident or on purpose. This article is for information only. DO NOT use it to treat or manage an actual overdose. Warnings What to ask your doctor Q&A Benadryl (diphenhydramine) is used for allergies and allergic reactions, as well as common cold symptoms. Benadryl can cause mild or serious side...While it may work to help you fall asleep for a few days, long-term use of Benadryl as a sleep-aid likely isn't effective and is associated with several side effects like next-day drowsiness. Additionally, the long-term use of drugs like Benadryl in those 65 years old and over is linked with an increased risk of dementia.Diphenhydramine, which is available as an over-the-counter medication, is a first-generation antihistamine that is used in a variety of conditions to treat and prevent dystonias, insomnia, pruritis, urticaria, vertigo, and motion sickness. It also possesses local anesthetic properties for those patients who have allergies to other, more commonly used local anesthetics; however, this is an off ...The phase IV clinical study analyzes which people take Benadryl and have Peripheral neuropathy. It is created by eHealthMe based on reports of 70,795 people who have side effects when taking Benadryl from the FDA, and is updated regularly. You can use the study as a second opinion to make health care decisions.Long-Term Side Effects of Diphenhydramine Abuse. Continued diphenhydramine use can cause long-term adverse side effects that result in permanent damage. Not only will prolonged use cause harm, but it can lead to other aspects such as dependence on the medication. Common long-term side effects of prolonged diphenhydramine use include: Dependence. Oct 3, 2022 · Applies to diphenhydramine: compounding powder, injectable solution, oral capsule, oral disintegrating strip, oral liquid, oral tablet, oral tablet chewable, oral tablet disintegrating. General The most commonly reported side effects included somnolence, dizziness, and incoordination. Feb 6, 2023 · Benadryl is an over-the-counter antihistamine that contains the active ingredient diphenhydramine. People often use it to treat allergies. Because it causes drowsiness, some people take it as a ... Common Benadryl (diphenhydramine) side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, and blurry vision. Dry mouth and constipation are common, as well. Serious Benadryl side effects include a greater risk of falls — especially if you are an older adult — and potential long-term memory problems.Benadryl can cause some children to be hyperactive. OTC cough and cold medicine should not be given to children under the age of 4. Research has shown that these products do not work in children younger than 6 years old and can have serious side effects.Jun 5, 2019 · Addiction and Misuse. Another cause of overdose is an addiction to Diphenhydramine. Patients can become addicted to Benadryl after taking it for an extended period or when it is used for recreational purposes. Side effects of Diphenhydramine overdose often cause long-term damage, which can be fatal to patients ingesting it. Side effects of antihistamines that make you drowsy can include: sleepiness (drowsiness) and reduced co-ordination, reaction speed and judgement – do not drive or use machinery after taking these antihistamines. dry mouth. blurred vision. difficulty peeing. Side effects of non-drowsy antihistamines can include: headache. Overdosing on diphenhydramine (Benadryl) can also lead to more serious side effects like severe confusion, seizures, low blood pressure, involuntary muscle spasms, hallucinations (seeing things that aren't there), and heart rhythm problems. In fact, the FDA released a warning to avoid high doses of diphenhydramine.Aug 23, 2021 · Symptoms can be mild or serious and can include: skin rash. itchiness. flushing (temporary warmth, redness, or deepening of skin color) swelling under your skin, typically in your eyelids, lips, hands, or feet. swelling of your mouth, tongue, or throat, which can make it hard to breathe. .